GEC DA41 SE A2 amplifier Part 2

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Power supply

My long time favorite for smooth filtering is a LC supply. Not only the mains residual is almost a perfect sine wave, but transients response is better than with a capacitor input. With a large choke value, ripple can be very low. However, to keep first cell time constant around 15mS, the total series resistance must remains low. A well wound power transformer and equally good choke are mandatory. For that purpose, I use top quality Hashimoto’s irons for more than a decade with total satisfaction.

A first cell (25H/50µF) will reduce ripple to Vripple = Vout / 6π² f² LC √2, a second one (180 ohm/100µF) will floor down residual to negligible value.

Some voltage adjustment being necessary on CF anode to precisely set DA41 grid current, I splitted supply in two after the second cell. One arm to the 6K6/6V6, the second to the 6CG7.

Making of

Aluminum CNC chassis, epoxy coated, plus a few components

DA41 filaments supply on sub chassis

Amplifier completed, ready for measurements and listening test. It's a beefy unit weighing almost 40 pounds.

DA41 bright light is a pure enjoyment in the dark

Test setup. Max power, 100Hz_10KHz squares and THD

7,8 Vrms/8 ohm at clipping, 7,6W as expected

Despite a 18/20Kohm internal resistance the DA41 adapts quite well to the output transformer and low end roll off is not so obvious during listening test

Short reminder: transformer primary inductance has a direct effect on the low frequency response. The -3dB low frequency cutoff is determined by

F_Low = Z/2πL

Where Z is the primary impedance (reflected impedance in parallel with the tube internal resistance) and L the primary inductance. For a 5Kohm reflected load and 23H@70mA inductance (Hashimoto H20-7U)

F_Low = 28Hz

THD: 2,76% @ 1Watt, 6,06% @ 5 Watt. Nice harmonics distribution, mainly H2

I tried a close loop feedback between DA41 anode and 6K6/6V6 grid to get a flatter 100Hz square signal and it was disappointing. Sound became muddy, loosing all the life music could bring. Regardless of apparent poor scope results or distortion I prefer, by far, the amplifier without feedback. We must not lose sight that there is little to none relation between music, which is more in the transients domain, and squares.

Reason why it’s of prime importance to calculate accurately all time constants including power supply to respect signal ADSR.

Listening report

Garrard 301, FR24, Entré EC30, C3g phono preamplifier, 6J5 line preamplifier

On my homebrewed Klipsch Altec system the 6V6 gives the best balance with a great sense of refinement and a silky smooth sound. Each record I spin on my Garrard plays with ease and life. Dynamic is excellent, nervous or soft depending upon music. I love the way a trumpet or a sax is rendered and human voices are really addictive. Low end is firm, ample with a convincing restitution even if it doesn't extend deeply. Music is played without the somewhat harshness heard with transmitting triodes like 809 or 811. It was easy to make a comparison, the PT260 transformer can supply 6,3 or 7,5V. Is it the fact the DA41 was developed as a pure audio tube or the materials used to build it, I couldn’t say. Anyway the GEC sounds much more natural and involving than its counterparts and it blends very well with a 6V6 (Mazda or Westinghouse). The 6K6 is surprisingly more punchy with deeper bass extension, but restitution appears less natural with a forward presentation and could be a better choice on Rock music.

I am somewhat confused and surprised. To this day I don’t know which of the Visseaux A710 or the GEC DA41 is the best of my amplifiers. In any case I listen to both with great pleasure and that’s the most important. Music, music toujours…

GEC DA41 SE A2 amplifier Part 1

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Marconi Osram company, a GEC subsidiary, made some of the finest and thought after valves, from the scarce and super expensive PX family to the world famous KT one. These magnificent tubes were implemented for decades in high quality audio gears and remain today a standard in quality and reliability.

Almost every diy’er knows the KT66 and KT88, but very few the industrial DA tubes intended for high power public address amplifiers. Among these one deserves a special attention because of availability (at least for some time…), price (compared to a DA30, 60 or 100) and stunning sound quality. The DA41/CV1076.

A very fine directly heated audio triode with thoriated tungsten cathode and stamped anode (unlike the graphite one of its American relative TZ40). A pair of this powerful tube could deliver up to 175W with 5% distortion in class B push pull.

Of course such a power can’t be reached without some amount of grid current and this is probably why we don’t find much literature or schematic from experimenters. Class A2 appears to be a major obstacle for many amateurs. Implementation is not more complex than A1 if one understands the driver basics requirements.

When a grid becomes positive it acts like an anode and a few electrons emitted by the cathode are attracted by the grid. These electrons return to ground through driver impedance Zout and create a voltage drop in this load. If Zout is too high the driver is unable to raise grid to the desired voltage. Imagine a tube with 1K Zout intended to provide 10mA at +10V, it will only be able of 10V – (1K x 10mA) = 0V ! Ohms law.

Different arrangements provide current under low impedance. Shishido's way is a well known one but at the price of an expensive step down transformer, same for a choke loaded cathode follower. An interesting setup is used by Tossie Yamanaka. Very similar to a MOSFET drive, it is a power triode directly feeding the following tube grid.

This circuit is a reissue of a fully documented study by Charles F. Stromeyer (Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 24 (7), 1007-1026, 1936) and called

"General theory and application of dynamic coupling in power tube design"

...a simplified method of driving a power tube without the need of coupling devices and grid-biasing means. The power section is one whose useful plate-current versus grid-voltage characteristic is realized only with positive values of grid voltage. Its low input impedance is in series with the cathode-ground circuit of the driver tube. This impedance, also, automatically provides a negative bias for the grid of the driver, thereby eliminating external biasing. Since the electronic coupling of the two tubes varies with signal excursions, this method of amplification is termed "dynamic coupling." Practical considerations show immediately that the driver must operate into an impedance which is considerably lower than its own plate impedance. It is shown that the distortion which is produced when working with such ratios is minimized partly by making the driver circuit degenerative in order to nullify the varying effect of the driver's mu...

It’s simple, smart and works flawless. To determine operating point all we need to know is the grid current at the desired grid voltage. This is usually found in tubes datasheet.

GEC DA41 datasheet don’t give much information about grid current operation. I used the DA42 curves, a very close relative with indirect heated cathode. At Vg +25V/Va +350V, grid draws about 8mA which gives a 3K input impedance.

At that bias point, a 5K anode load appears to be the best power/distortion compromise and I can expect about 8W of great quality.

From the above statement the driving impedance must be at least 10 time lower than Zin, 20 time better. Only a cathode follower achieves this. Additionally it must be capable of some power. The simplest way could be a resistor loaded stage, this commands to raise the final tube cathode voltage with a resistor too, fully decoupled to prevent degenerative feedback, introducing a time constant in circuit and inevitably a phase shift.

The Yamanaka setup avoid this problem and collects electrons directly from the grid. Input impedance of power tube is at the same time the CF load and bias. The DA41 is directly tied to ground, no phase shift in such circuit. The main difficulty is to find a suitable tube that accommodates a 3K load, rather low, while supplying the necessary current to the final stage.

I spent some time consulting my books to find a good contender. To my disappointment very few triodes are usable and the only one that could match, a 6CK4, is hard to find in quantity (I usually pair two tubes from a batch of twelve). Best solution is a triode wired pentode. From half a dozen tested I only kept two, 6V6 and 6K6. The last one is almost unknown, darn cheap and can be considered a scale down 6F6, much better sounding. Despite its small size it’s a linear and powerful tube. Perfect for the task with 150 ohm Zout in triode mode.

Tung Sol and Visseaux, both excellent

Drawing the operating lines on Ip_Up curves seems to place the working point in a non linear region. Not the case. A cathode follower works under 100% feedback and computed characteristics are almost verticals with little curvature. Distortion remains very low. AC swing about +/-25V, enough to completely swing DA41 grid.

Really easy to implement, final bias is adjusted through anode voltage.

Such setup has a gain inferior to 1 and have to be be paired to a high gain, low distortion stage. Low distortion means high DC voltage and high load. I used the power horse 6CG7 double triode. A 150K anode resistor sets gain and a 0,025uF/200K coupling network insures good frequency transmission to the CF stage. Capacitor value can be small with a CF as input impedance is very high. In fact the grid resistor appears to be boostrapped, it’s value being multiplicated by μ+1.

Once working points, loads and DC voltages calculated the amplifier appears very simple. Three tubes, two capacitors and a few resistors.

More to come...

EL84 Push Pull amplifier, the little giant

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The EL84 is not a DHT, but still a fascinating tube for many triodes lovers (I belong to this group) who recognize its sonic qualities.
Great manufacturers like Dynaco, Scott, Leak, Loyez just to name a few, sold thousands of amplifiers using this cute little pentode and for many serious listeners of that time these amps were by far superior for music reproduction to their more powerful concurrents using EL34, 6550 or KT88.
Yes this tube is very involving, it as the speed ( that usually lacks to the bigger tetrodes and pentodes) the naturalness and ease so many people do like in the very best triodes. It reminds me the 10, the E130 or the RS242, it makes music living like and it's power limitation is it's only drawback. Remember that in the 60's there were not so many speakers with 97/99dB sensitivity to perfectly match a 10 watt amplifier.

In the past 20 years I made half a dozen amplifiers using this tube, always with great pleasure, and that's why I decided to make a post about it.


Also because I always keep an EL84 amp to drive my beloved Wharfedale Super 12 RS/DD. Magnificent full range speakers especially on open baffle.


The amp I will talk about is not a design of my own, it belongs to Harman Kardon. I just made some modifications for safer use and better sound reproduction (I built one exactly like the original for comparison).
Why the HK amplifier ? I found during all these passed years making electronic stuff that simplicity is usually the best way to fidelity and the HK20 design is really simple and very smart.

It operates with a single 6CG7 as driver and phase splitter, two EL84 and a rectifier.
You can't do more simple and when you add the qualities of the 6SN7 family tubes you are right on the way for a good sounding amp.

HK 20 original schematic



As you can see, very simple with some tricks to prevent the use of a decoupling cap in the first stage. V1a bias is taken through R10 in the cathode of the phase inverter V1b. The current of the two sections flows in this resistor, the result is a smaller value that it would have been if directly grounded the usual way. This helps to lower the effect of degenerative feedback thus giving a higher gain to the first stage. Elegant, efficient and easy to calculate if you want to change the tube (I tried the E80CC instead but preferred the 6CG7 after a long listening comparison). For a perfect cathodyne balance a single R11 resistor in parallel with R8_R9_R10 will give the exact value of R7.

To calculate R11 with (R8 + R9 + R10) = Req   use formula   R11 = Rreq X R7/Req - R7

My own HK20

I was not comfortable with EL84 operating voltages.
370V on anode and 350V on screen make the tube work very hot and very hard. I am not sure the usual EL84 will last very long under such a fire.
Even the professional and super strong Mazda 7320 reach their limits, furthermore when bread boarding an amp for tests I had some hum that I could not cancel. So I decided to modify the whole amplifier supply and to pay great attention to time constants, I also preferred the EL84 UL to the pentode mode, I reduced NFB to get decent THD (1,5% @ 10W, mainly third) and a more mellow sound. I suppressed R1 potentiometer (always a source of trouble) and replaced it by a voltage divider to match the output of my line preamp.
Now with such a supply and mods the amp is dead silent, punchy, open with a wide sound stage.
Very detailed hights, lush mid, rock solid bass make this amp an all purpose companion.

Power supply revisited.



Inside this little giant, AB resistors and Aerovox V161 caps give a vintage look without compromising sound qualities.
Reliable Siemens capacitors to smooth out the ripple, way better than the usual electrolytics (MKV and MP J/S are my preferred) and Hashimoto OPT.

Philips Holland killer tubes, Mazda GZ32 and shielded 6CG7

The extra socket was for a buffer stage intended to be used with a 600 ohm symmetrical input transformer. I finally did not populate.

Personal EL84 review

I am lucky enough to have different brands in stock to make a comparison.
I wont write a lot just give my impressions, for an extensive test read  Vacuum Tube Valley issue 8

Mullard soft and round sound, not my taste.
Philips RTC the very best with this amp, very well balanced.
Philips ( Amperex ) Holland top of the line with Philips RTC.
Mazda 7320 strong and powerful sound, can be tiring.

TFK the worst nothing else to say.
Tungsram excellent performer, lacks a bit of punch in low end, the best on voices.
Russian Reflector 6P14P/K (and only this suffix, means vibrations proof. NOT EB or ER) a real surprise, very good sounding, on par with Philips RTC.

Some great CD's to listen with